Featured Post

Top Questions People Ask About Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib & Scikit-learn — Answered!

-
Image
 Whether you're a beginner or brushing up on your skills, these are the real-world questions Python learners ask most about key libraries in data science. Let’s dive in! 🐍 🐼 Pandas: Data Manipulation Made Easy 1. How do I handle missing data in a DataFrame? df.fillna( 0 ) # Replace NaNs with 0 df.dropna() # Remove rows with NaNs df.isna(). sum () # Count missing values per column 2. How can I merge or join two DataFrames? pd.merge(df1, df2, on= 'id' , how= 'inner' ) # inner, left, right, outer 3. What is the difference between loc[] and iloc[] ? loc[] uses labels (e.g., column names) iloc[] uses integer positions df.loc[ 0 , 'name' ] # label-based df.iloc[ 0 , 1 ] # index-based 4. How do I group data and perform aggregation? df.groupby( 'category' )[ 'sales' ]. sum () 5. How can I convert a column to datetime format? df[ 'date' ] = pd.to_datetime(df[ 'date' ]) ...
Post a Comment

Oracle 12C 'Bitmap Index' benefits over B-tree Index

-
Oracle 12C 'Bitmap Index' benefits over B-tree Index
#Oracle 12C 'Bitmap Index' benefits over B-tree Index:
A bitmap index has a significantly different structure from a B-tree index in the leaf node of the index. It stores one string of bits for each possible value (the cardinality) of the column being indexed.

Note: One string of BITs means -Each tupple of possible value it assigns '1' bit in a string.So, all the BITs become a string ( This is an example, on which column you created BIT map index)

The length of the string of bits is the same as the number of rows in the table being indexed.

In addition to saving a tremendous amount of space compared to traditional indexes, a bitmap index can provide dramatic improvements in response time because Oracle can quickly remove potential rows from a query containing multiple WHERE clauses long before the table itself needs to be accessed.

Multiple bitmaps can use logical AND and OR operations to determine which rows to access from the table.

Although you can use a bitmap index on any column in a table, it is most efficient when the column being indexed has a low cardinality, or number of distinct values.

For example, the GENDER column in the PERS table will be either NULL, M, or F. The bitmap index on the GENDER column will have only three bitmaps stored in the index. On the other hand, a bitmap index on the LAST_NAME column will have close to the same number of bitmap strings as rows in the table itself. The queries looking for a particular last name will most likely take less time if a full table scan is performed instead of using an index. In this case, a traditional B-tree non-unique index makes more sense.

A variation of bitmap indexes called bitmap join indexes creates a bitmap index on a table column that is frequently joined with one or more other tables on the same column. This provides tremendous benefits in a data warehouse environment where a bitmap join index is created on a fact table and one or more dimension tables, essentially pre-joining those tables and saving CPU and I/O resources when an actual join is performed.

Comments

Post a Comment

Thanks for your message. We will get back you.

Popular posts from this blog

SQL Query: 3 Methods for Calculating Cumulative SUM

-
Image
SQL provides various constructs for calculating cumulative sums, offering flexibility and efficiency in data analysis. In this article, we explore three distinct SQL queries that facilitate the computation of cumulative sums. Each query leverages different SQL constructs to achieve the desired outcome, catering to diverse analytical needs and preferences. Using Window Functions (e.g., PostgreSQL, SQL Server, Oracle) SELECT id, value, SUM(value) OVER (ORDER BY id) AS cumulative_sum  FROM your_table; This query uses the SUM() window function with the OVER clause to calculate the cumulative sum of the value column ordered by the id column. Using Subqueries (e.g., MySQL, SQLite): SELECT t1.id, t1.value, SUM(t2.value) AS cumulative_sum FROM your_table t1 JOIN your_table t2 ON t1.id >= t2.id GROUP BY t1.id, t1.value ORDER BY t1.id; This query uses a self-join to calculate the cumulative sum. It joins the table with itself, matching rows where the id in the first table is greater than...
Read more

5 SQL Queries That Popularly Used in Data Analysis

-
Image
 Here are five popular SQL queries frequently used in data analysis. 1. SELECT with Aggregations Summarize data by calculating aggregates like counts, sums, averages, etc. SELECT department, COUNT(*) as employee_count, AVG(salary) as average_salary FROM employees GROUP BY department; 2. JOIN Operations  Combine data from multiple tables based on a related column. SELECT e.employee_id, e.name, d.department_name FROM employees e JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id; 3. WHERE Clause for Filtering Filter records based on specified conditions. SELECT * FROM sales WHERE sale_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'   AND amount > 1000; 4. ORDER BY Clause for Sorting Sort results in ascending or descending order based on one or more columns. SELECT product_name, price FROM products ORDER BY price DESC; 5. GROUP BY with HAVING Clause Group records and apply conditions to the aggregated results. SELECT department, SUM(salary) as total_salaries FROM employ...
Read more

Big Data: Top Cloud Computing Interview Questions (1 of 4)

-
Image
The below are frequently asked interview questions on Cloud computing: 1) What is the difference between Cloud and Grid? Grid: -Information service -Security Service -Data management -Execution Manageement Cloud: - Maintains up-to-date information of resources -Create VMs according to user requirement -Application deploment -User management 2) What are the different cloud standards? -Interoperability standards -Security standards -Portability Standards -Governance and Risk standards 3) What are the two different sub-systems in Cloud computing ? -Management sub system -Resource sub system 4)What is Cloud compouting? The promise of cloud computing is ubiquitous access to a broad set of applications and services, which are delivered over the network to multiple customer. 5) Why we need specialized network for Cloud services? The public Internet is the simplest choice for delivering cloud-based services. In this model, the cloud provider simply purchases Inter...
Read more