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Python Set Operations Explained: From Theory to Real-Time Applications

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A  set  in Python is an unordered collection of unique elements. It is useful when storing distinct values and performing operations like union, intersection, or difference. Real-Time Example: Removing Duplicate Customer Emails in a Marketing Campaign Imagine you are working on an email marketing campaign for your company. You have a list of customer emails, but some are duplicated. Using a set , you can remove duplicates efficiently before sending emails. Code Example: # List of customer emails (some duplicates) customer_emails = [ "alice@example.com" , "bob@example.com" , "charlie@example.com" , "alice@example.com" , "david@example.com" , "bob@example.com" ] # Convert list to a set to remove duplicates unique_emails = set (customer_emails) # Convert back to a list (if needed) unique_email_list = list (unique_emails) # Print the unique emails print ( "Unique customer emails:" , unique_email_list) Ou...
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2 Scaling-Up And Scaling-out QlikView's Ideas! That You Can Never Miss

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In scale-up architecture

A single server is used to serve the QlikView applications. In this case, as more throughput is required, bigger and/or faster hardware (e.g. with more RAM and/or CPU capacity) are added to the same server.

Scale-up
The Scale-up architecture


In scale-out architecture

More servers are added when more throughput is needed to achieve the performance necessary. It is common to see the use of commodity servers in these types of architectures. 

As more throughput is required new servers are added, creating a clustered QlikView environment. In these environments, QlikView Server supports load sharing of QlikView applications across multiple physical or logical computers. 

QlikView load balancing refers to the ability to distribute the load (i.e. end-user sessions) across the cluster in accordance with a predefined algorithm for selecting which node should take care of a certain session. QlikView Server version 11 supports three different load balancing algorithms.

Below is a brief definition of each scheme. Please refer to the QlikView Scalability Overview Technology white paper for further details. 

Scale-out
The scale-out Architecture
 
Random: The default load-balancing scheme. The user is sent to a random server, no matter if the QlikView application the user is looking for is loaded or not on a QlikView Server. 
 
Loaded Document: If only one QlikView Server has the particular QlikView application loaded, the user is sent to that QlikView Server. If more than one QlikView Server or none of the QlikView Servers have the application loaded, the user is sent to the QlikView Server with the largest amount of free RAM. 

CPU with RAM Overload: The user is sent to the least busy QlikView Server. Please note that this report does not go into detail on when to use and how to tune different load balancing algorithms for best performance. 

Cluster test executions presented in this report has been run in an environment configured with a better performing scheme for certain conditions of a particular test.

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