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Python Set Operations Explained: From Theory to Real-Time Applications

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A  set  in Python is an unordered collection of unique elements. It is useful when storing distinct values and performing operations like union, intersection, or difference. Real-Time Example: Removing Duplicate Customer Emails in a Marketing Campaign Imagine you are working on an email marketing campaign for your company. You have a list of customer emails, but some are duplicated. Using a set , you can remove duplicates efficiently before sending emails. Code Example: # List of customer emails (some duplicates) customer_emails = [ "alice@example.com" , "bob@example.com" , "charlie@example.com" , "alice@example.com" , "david@example.com" , "bob@example.com" ] # Convert list to a set to remove duplicates unique_emails = set (customer_emails) # Convert back to a list (if needed) unique_email_list = list (unique_emails) # Print the unique emails print ( "Unique customer emails:" , unique_email_list) Ou...
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How to Use Chaid Useful for Data Science Developers

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CHAID

The Chaid is one of the most asked skills for Data Science engineers. The CHAID Analysis (Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection) is a form of analysis that determines how variables best combine to explain the outcome in a given dependent variable.

Chaid Model


  • The model can be used in cases of market penetration, predicting and interpreting responses, or a multitude of other research problems.

  • CHAID analysis is especially useful for data expressing categorized values instead of continuous values.

  • For this kind of data, some common statistical tools such as regression are not applicable and CHAID analysis is a perfect tool to discover the relationship between variables. 

  • One of the outstanding advantages of CHAID analysis is that it can visualize the relationship between the target (dependent) variable and the related factors with a tree


1. CHAID Analysis for Surveys


Analysis

  • Most survey answers have categorized values instead of continuous values. 

  • Finding out the statistical relationship in this kind of data is a challenge. 



2. CHAID Analysis for Customer Profiling


Profiling


  • Based on historical customer data, CHAID Analysis can be used to analyze all characteristics within the file. 

  • For example, product/service purchased, the dollar amount spent, major demographics, and demography of the customers, and so on. 

  • A blueprint can be produced to provide an understanding of the customer profile: strong or weak sales of products/services; active or inactive customers; factors affecting customers’ decisions or preferences, and so on. 

  • Such a customer profile will give the Sales & Marketing Team a clear picture of which type of person is most likely to buy the products and services based on factual purchase history, geo-demographics, and lifestyle attributes.


3. CHAID Analysis for Customer Targeting


Customer Targetting


  • Recruiting new customers via direct contact (phone or mail) is a time-consuming and costly effort.

  • For most products or services, the hit rate is less than 1%. That means, in order to get a new customer, over one hundred contacts are required.

  • By mapping the current customer list to a general population database (e.g., SMR Residential Database that contains 12 million listed households), CHAID Analysis can find the household clusters that have much higher incidence rates than the average.

  • By concentrating on these household clusters, the actual hit rate can be dramatically raised. The result is “Fewer phone calls or mail pieces with higher sales returns!”.

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