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15 Python Tips : How to Write Code Effectively

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 Here are some Python tips to keep in mind that will help you write clean, efficient, and bug-free code.     Python Tips for Effective Coding 1. Code Readability and PEP 8  Always aim for clean and readable code by following PEP 8 guidelines.  Use meaningful variable names, avoid excessively long lines (stick to 79 characters), and organize imports properly. 2. Use List Comprehensions List comprehensions are concise and often faster than regular for-loops. Example: squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)] instead of creating an empty list and appending each square value. 3. Take Advantage of Python’s Built-in Libraries  Libraries like itertools, collections, math, and datetime provide powerful functions and data structures that can simplify your code.   For example, collections.Counter can quickly count elements in a list, and itertools.chain can flatten nested lists. 4. Use enumerate Instead of Range     When you need both the index ...
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How to Execute Commands in R Language

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The next step after installing R is how to run commands. You can run directly by entering commands. The other way is you need to write an R script, that contains all the series of commands. The benefit of the script is you can save your commands, it saves your time. Second, as a script, you can run it whenever you need.
#How to Run-commands in R:
#How to Run-commands in R:

Executing Commands in R

Commands can be entered directly into the R console (the window that opens when you start R),
following the red > prompt, and sent to the computer by pressing enter.

 For example, typing 1 + 2 and pressing enter will output the result 3:
> 1+2
[1] 3
Your entered code always follows the > prompt, and output always follows a number in square
brackets.
  • Each command should take its own line of code, or else a line of code should be continued with { } 
  • It is possible to press enter before the line of code is completed, and often R will recognize this. For example, if you were to type 1 + but then press enter before typing 2, R knows that 1+ by itself doesn’t make any sense, so prompts for you to continue the line with a + sign. At this point, you could continue the line by pressing 2 then enter. This commonly occurs if you forget to close parentheses or brackets. 
  • If you keep pressing enter and keep seeing a + sign rather than the regular > prompt that allows you to type new code, and if you can’t figure out why, often the easiest option is to simply press ESC, which will get you back to the normal > prompt and allow you to enter a new line of code. 
Capitalization and punctuation need to be exact in R, but spacing doesn’t matter. If you get errors when entering the code, you may want to check for these common mistakes:
  1. Did you start your line of code with a fresh prompt (>)? If not, press ESC.
  2. Are your capitalization and punctuation correct?
  3. Are all your parentheses and brackets closed? For every forward (, {, or [, make sure there is a corresponding backward), }, or ]

R Script

Rather than typing a command in a console, you can create a script using a group of commands.  Code (commands) can be typed here, and then entered into the console in one of three ways:
  1. Copy the code in the R script and paste in the console
  2. Right-click on a line or highlighted group of lines and choose “Run line or selection”
  3. Place your cursor on a line or highlight a group of lines and press CTRL+R. 
The Scripts in R-Language are powerful and re-usable.

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