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Top Questions People Ask About Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib & Scikit-learn — Answered!

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 Whether you're a beginner or brushing up on your skills, these are the real-world questions Python learners ask most about key libraries in data science. Let’s dive in! 🐍 🐼 Pandas: Data Manipulation Made Easy 1. How do I handle missing data in a DataFrame? df.fillna( 0 ) # Replace NaNs with 0 df.dropna() # Remove rows with NaNs df.isna(). sum () # Count missing values per column 2. How can I merge or join two DataFrames? pd.merge(df1, df2, on= 'id' , how= 'inner' ) # inner, left, right, outer 3. What is the difference between loc[] and iloc[] ? loc[] uses labels (e.g., column names) iloc[] uses integer positions df.loc[ 0 , 'name' ] # label-based df.iloc[ 0 , 1 ] # index-based 4. How do I group data and perform aggregation? df.groupby( 'category' )[ 'sales' ]. sum () 5. How can I convert a column to datetime format? df[ 'date' ] = pd.to_datetime(df[ 'date' ]) ...
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How to Decode TLV Quickly

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TLV format consists of three components: Tag, Length, and Value. In credit card and financial transactions, the TLV protocol utilizes this structure. Below, you will find tips for quickly decoding TLV data. 


TLV Format



According to IBM, the tag tells what type of data it is. The length field denotes the length of the value, and the value is the actual value.


Structure of TLV.


TLV comprises three field values.


  1. Tag
  2. Length
  3. Value


How to Decode TLV


The EMV labs developed tags that are part of the EMV protocol. Each tag has a unique meaning. The Tag and Length together take 1 to 4 bytes of memory.

1. The Best example for TLV.


Below is the method for decoding the EMV tag. The first part of the TLV format is TAG. The second part is LENGTH, and finally, the value.


Syntax of EMV tag:


[Tag][Value Length][Value] (ex. "9F4005F000F0A001")


where, 


Tag Name = 9F40


Value Length (in bytes) = 05 


Value (Hex representation of bytes. Example, "F0" – 1-byte) = F000F0A001


Finally, what is 9F40 tag? The EMV company assigns a value to it. Check out the complete list of EMV Tags and meanings.



2. How to read the TLV


Let me elaborate on the memory the EMV tag takes. The breakup of memory allocation is as follows.

 

Tag: 1 or 2 bytes.


Length: 05


Value length:


F0-00-F0-A0-01 ==> 5 Bytes


The F0 is the HEX value of length 1. So the total length of the value altogether is 5 bytes.


F0+00+F0+A0+01= Total 5 bytes



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