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Top Questions People Ask About Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib & Scikit-learn — Answered!

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 Whether you're a beginner or brushing up on your skills, these are the real-world questions Python learners ask most about key libraries in data science. Let’s dive in! 🐍 🐼 Pandas: Data Manipulation Made Easy 1. How do I handle missing data in a DataFrame? df.fillna( 0 ) # Replace NaNs with 0 df.dropna() # Remove rows with NaNs df.isna(). sum () # Count missing values per column 2. How can I merge or join two DataFrames? pd.merge(df1, df2, on= 'id' , how= 'inner' ) # inner, left, right, outer 3. What is the difference between loc[] and iloc[] ? loc[] uses labels (e.g., column names) iloc[] uses integer positions df.loc[ 0 , 'name' ] # label-based df.iloc[ 0 , 1 ] # index-based 4. How do I group data and perform aggregation? df.groupby( 'category' )[ 'sales' ]. sum () 5. How can I convert a column to datetime format? df[ 'date' ] = pd.to_datetime(df[ 'date' ]) ...
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Text Vs. Binary Vs. UTF-8 Top differences

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Here are the differences between Text files, Binary files, and UTF-8. These would help understanding files correctly for beginners.


Text Vs. Binary Vs. UTF-8


Text File

  • It contains plain text characters. When you open a text file in a text editor, it displays human-readable content. 
  • The text may not be in a language you know or understand, but you will see mostly normal characters that you can type at any keyboard.

Binary File

  • It stores information in bytes that aren’t quite so human readable. 
  • If you open the binary file in a text editor, it will not be readable.

UTF-8

  • UTF-8 is short for Unicode Transformation Format, 8-bit, and is a standardized way to represent letters and numbers on computers.
  • The original ASCII set of characters, which contains mostly uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and punctuation marks, worked okay in the early days of computing. But when other languages were brought into the mix, these characters were just not enough. Many standards for dealing with other languages have been proposed and accepted over the years. Of those, UTF-8 has steadily grown in use whereas most others declined.
  • Today, UTF-8 is pretty much the standard for all things Internet, and so it's a good choice if you have to choose a character set for a project.

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