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Python Set Operations Explained: From Theory to Real-Time Applications

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A  set  in Python is an unordered collection of unique elements. It is useful when storing distinct values and performing operations like union, intersection, or difference. Real-Time Example: Removing Duplicate Customer Emails in a Marketing Campaign Imagine you are working on an email marketing campaign for your company. You have a list of customer emails, but some are duplicated. Using a set , you can remove duplicates efficiently before sending emails. Code Example: # List of customer emails (some duplicates) customer_emails = [ "alice@example.com" , "bob@example.com" , "charlie@example.com" , "alice@example.com" , "david@example.com" , "bob@example.com" ] # Convert list to a set to remove duplicates unique_emails = set (customer_emails) # Convert back to a list (if needed) unique_email_list = list (unique_emails) # Print the unique emails print ( "Unique customer emails:" , unique_email_list) Ou...
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Explained Ideal Structure of Python Class

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When you are designing a class, you need to ensure that the classification of its critical parts is outlined at the beginning. The clearer the initial design, the more performant and scalable the class is. Some of the components in the order in which they should be defined in the class are mentioned as follows.



Python class structure


Ideal structure of a class

Class variables

Constants or default variables are usually defined at the top of the class. For someone who is reading the code, it comes as an easy-to-view consolidated list, and for the interpreter it ensures that all such variables are processed before diving into the main logic of the class, including any other Instance method or constructor.

The __init__ method


The __init__ method provides information about inputs needed and how to instantiate the class. It is also the constructor of the class, which the very first method called while initializing the class.

Special Python methods


These methods change the functionality of the class or provide additional capabilities to the class. For example, descriptors and other meta classes like __call__ are special methods. 

Keeping these at the top of the class before defining the core functionality helps to communicate to the readers and users what the custom behaviors are, that have been added to the class over and above the normal class behavior in Python.

Class method


Class methods are callable even without instantiating the class. Therefore, they can be treated on an equivalent level as constructors. 

Class methods
Image Courtesy: pynative.com



Static method


Static methods are same as the class methods in terms of functionality. 


Keeping them next in line is the natural and more useful convention here.

Private method


Python does not have a concept of privacy when it comes to methods. There are no access-specifiers like Java or C++. 

However, as we've read earlier, conventionally, the methods beginning with an underscore (_) are treated to be for internal use only, and not exposed via bulk import. 

The best option is to keep the private method section closer and just before the Instance methods, so that your code is more readable with the required elements being present close to each other. 

Note that the order of the Private methods relative to the Instance methods is not fixed.

Instance method 


The Instance methods are what you use to add functionality or the business logic to the class and can access the data of the instances of the class. 

In succession to the preceding methods, these define the core functionality of the class, rather than the meta-information, and hence should be placed after the preceding methods.


References

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