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Python Set Operations Explained: From Theory to Real-Time Applications

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A  set  in Python is an unordered collection of unique elements. It is useful when storing distinct values and performing operations like union, intersection, or difference. Real-Time Example: Removing Duplicate Customer Emails in a Marketing Campaign Imagine you are working on an email marketing campaign for your company. You have a list of customer emails, but some are duplicated. Using a set , you can remove duplicates efficiently before sending emails. Code Example: # List of customer emails (some duplicates) customer_emails = [ "alice@example.com" , "bob@example.com" , "charlie@example.com" , "alice@example.com" , "david@example.com" , "bob@example.com" ] # Convert list to a set to remove duplicates unique_emails = set (customer_emails) # Convert back to a list (if needed) unique_email_list = list (unique_emails) # Print the unique emails print ( "Unique customer emails:" , unique_email_list) Ou...
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Messages in Kafka the Types and Details

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A message, also called a record, is the basic piece of data flowing through Kafka. Messages are how Kafka represents your data.


types of messages

Kafka producer Vs. consumer messages

Kafka is an intermediate server that receives a message from a producer and sends them to the consumer. Here is a set of 10 Kafka Interview Questions.

Kafka message format

Each message has a timestamp, a value, and an optional key. Custom headers can be used if desired as well. 

A simple example of a message could be something like the following: the machine with host ID “1234567” (a message key) failed with the message “Alert: Machine Failed” (a message value) at “2020-10-02T10:34:11.654Z” (a message timestamp). Here is Kafka's flowchart for dummies.


Kafka message format
Kafka record

The above image shows probably the most important and common parts of a message that users deal with directly.

Each key and value can interact in its own specific ways to serialize or deserialize its data.

Now that we have a record, how do we let Kafka know about it? You will deliver this message to Kafka by sending it to what is known as brokers.

References

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