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Python Set Operations Explained: From Theory to Real-Time Applications

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A  set  in Python is an unordered collection of unique elements. It is useful when storing distinct values and performing operations like union, intersection, or difference. Real-Time Example: Removing Duplicate Customer Emails in a Marketing Campaign Imagine you are working on an email marketing campaign for your company. You have a list of customer emails, but some are duplicated. Using a set , you can remove duplicates efficiently before sending emails. Code Example: # List of customer emails (some duplicates) customer_emails = [ "alice@example.com" , "bob@example.com" , "charlie@example.com" , "alice@example.com" , "david@example.com" , "bob@example.com" ] # Convert list to a set to remove duplicates unique_emails = set (customer_emails) # Convert back to a list (if needed) unique_email_list = list (unique_emails) # Print the unique emails print ( "Unique customer emails:" , unique_email_list) Ou...
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How to Monitor Kafka-stream's Performance

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Kafka Streams API is a part of Kafka, it goes without saying that monitoring your application will require some monitoring of Kafka as well.

Performance


The consumer and producer performance is one of the fundamental performance concerns for a producer and consumer.
 

Stream performance


The Kafka data flow diagram



Kafka data flow diagram


What is lag


For producers, we care mostly about how fast the producer is sending messages to the broker. Obviously, the higher the throughput, the better.

For consumers, we’re also concerned with performance, or how fast we can read messages from a broker.

we care about how much and how fast our producers can publish to a broker, and we simultaneously care about how quickly our consumers can read those messages from the broker. The difference between how fast the producers place records on the broker and when consumers read those messages is called consumer lag


How to check consumer lag


To check for consumer lag, Kafka provides a convenient command-line tool, kafka-consumer-groups.sh, found in the <kafka-install-dir>/bin directory. The script has a few options, but here we’ll focus on the list and describe options. These two options will give you the information you need about consumer group performance.

List command

<kafka-install-dir>/bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh \ --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 \ --list


Describe command

<kafka-install-dir>/bin/kafka-consumer-groups.sh \ --bootstrap-server localhost:9092 \ --group <GROUP-NAME> \ --describe


How to trace problem

  • A small lag or one that stays constant is OK, but a lag that continues to grow over time is an indication you’ll need to give your consumer more resources. 
  • For example, you might need to increase the partition count and hence increase the number of threads consuming from the topic. Or maybe your processing after reading the message is too heavyweight. After consuming a message, you could hand it off to an async queue, where another thread can pick up the message and do the processing.

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