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Python Set Operations Explained: From Theory to Real-Time Applications

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A  set  in Python is an unordered collection of unique elements. It is useful when storing distinct values and performing operations like union, intersection, or difference. Real-Time Example: Removing Duplicate Customer Emails in a Marketing Campaign Imagine you are working on an email marketing campaign for your company. You have a list of customer emails, but some are duplicated. Using a set , you can remove duplicates efficiently before sending emails. Code Example: # List of customer emails (some duplicates) customer_emails = [ "alice@example.com" , "bob@example.com" , "charlie@example.com" , "alice@example.com" , "david@example.com" , "bob@example.com" ] # Convert list to a set to remove duplicates unique_emails = set (customer_emails) # Convert back to a list (if needed) unique_email_list = list (unique_emails) # Print the unique emails print ( "Unique customer emails:" , unique_email_list) Ou...

How to Fill Nulls in Pandas: bfill and ffill

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In Pandas, bfill and ffill are two important methods used for filling missing values in a DataFrame or Series by propagating the previous (forward fill) or next (backward fill) valid values respectively. These methods are particularly useful when dealing with time series data or other ordered data where missing values need to be filled based on the available adjacent values. ffill (forward fill): When you use the ffill method on a DataFrame or Series, it fills missing values with the previous non-null value in the same column. It propagates the last known value forward. This method is often used to carry forward the last observed value for a specific column, making it a good choice for time series data when the assumption is that the value doesn't change abruptly. Example: import pandas as pd data = {'A': [1, 2, None, 4, None, 6],         'B': [None, 'X', 'Y', None, 'Z', 'W']} df = pd.DataFrame(data) print(df) # Output: #      A     B...